.gitignore针对每个语言都有对应的模板,在GitHub创建项目时就可以选择(你可以在GitHub提供的.gitignore模板大全中找到它)。但是这些往往是不够的的。如我们在Mac系统下用VSCode开发,那么常常还需要添加其它项目。如.vscode/表示忽略.vscode这个包含项目配置文件的隐藏目录(注意是包括目录一起忽略,.DS_Store表示忽略掉Mac操作系统下存储目录自定义属性的隐藏文件。此外机器学习相关的项目中,数据和模型通常异常巨大,我们并不想将它们放到项目文件夹下。 .gitignore常见项目添加.gitignore模板.gitignore针对每个语言都有对应的模板,在GitHub创建项目时就可以选择(你可以在GitHub提供的.gitignore模板大全中找到它)。如Python语言的.gitignore模板如下:
# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files__pycache__/*.py[cod]*$py.class# C extensions*.so# Distribution / packaging.Pythonbuild/develop-eggs/dist/downloads/eggs/.eggs/lib/lib64/parts/sdist/var/wheels/pip-wheel-metadata/share/python-wheels/*.egg-info/.installed.cfg*.eggMANIFEST# PyInstaller# Usually these files are written by a python script from a template# before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.*.manifest*.spec# Installer logspip-log.txtpip-delete-this-directory.txt# Unit test / coverage reportshtmlcov/.tox/.nox/.coverage.coverage.*.cachenosetests.xmlcoverage.xml*.cover*.py,cover.hypothesis/.pytest_cache/# Translations*.mo*.pot# Django stuff:*.loglocal_settings.pydb.sqlite3db.sqlite3-journal# Flask stuff:instance/.webassets-cache# Scrapy stuff:.scrapy# Sphinx documentationdocs/_build/# PyBuildertarget/# Jupyter Notebook.ipynb_checkpoints# IPythonprofile_default/ipython_config.py# pyenv.python-version# pipenv# According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.# However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies# having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not# install all needed dependencies.#Pipfile.lock# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow__pypackages__/# Celery stuffcelerybeat-schedulecelerybeat.pid# SageMath parsed files*.sage.py# Environments.env.venvenv/venv/ENV/env.bak/venv.bak/# Spyder project settings.spyderproject.spyproject# Rope project settings.ropeproject# mkdocs documentation/site# mypy.mypy_cache/.dmypy.jsondmypy.json# Pyre type checker.pyre/.gitignore项目但是这些往往是不够的的。如我们在Mac系统下用VSCode开发,那么常常还需要添加以下项目:
# IDE - VSCode.vscode/# OS generated files.DS_Store其中.vscode/表示忽略.vscode这个包含项目配置文件的隐藏目录(注意是包括目录一起忽略,这个和Linux下诸如cp test/ .这类命令的语义有区别,参加我的博客《Linux:文件解压、复制和移动的若干坑》),.DS_Store表示忽略掉Mac操作系统下存储目录自定义属性的隐藏文件。
此外,我们再以机器学习相关的项目为例子,数据(放在data目录下)和模型(放在model目录下)通常异常巨大,我们并不想将它们放到项目文件夹下,因此我们可能倾向于添加如下的项目:
# data filesdata/*# model filesmodel/*data/*和model/*语义上表示忽视data目录下所有文件与model目录下所有文件及子目录(不包括data和model目录本身)。但是我们会发现,实际上空的data和model目录并没有成功git add到项目中:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git add data (base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git add model (base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git status On branch mainYour branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)nothing to commit, working tree clean这是因为空目录不会称为Git版本控制系统跟踪(track)。但是如果我们想保存data和model的目录架构呢?很简单,我们只需要在data和model目录下添加.gitkeep目录即可,然后将在.gitignore文件中对.gitkeep进行反选(即不忽视):
# data filesdata/*!data/.gitkeep# model filesmodel/*!model/.gitkeep可以看到由于隐藏文件的存在,现在空目录能够正常git add了:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git add data (base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git add model(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git status On branch mainYour branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 1 commit. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)Changes to be committed: (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) new file: data/.gitkeep new file: model/.gitkeep但是需要注意,如果这样写就没用:
# data filesdata/!data/.gitkeep因为data/表示将data目录本身也忽略了,Git根本就不会去查看该目录,以致.gitkeep文件也就不起作用了。
额外提一下,如果我们仅仅希望忽略掉data目录下的.csv文件,可以这样写:
# data filesdata/*.csv在Git中,一个文件可能在这三种区域中:工作目录(Working Directory),暂存区(Staging Area,也称索引index),Git仓库(可视为一棵提交树committed tree)。三者关系如下图所示:
当我们将文件添加到项目目录中时,我们其实是在将其添加到工作目录中。
一旦一个目录或文件被git add了一次,那么它就会被跟踪(track)并加入暂存区。此后再对其进行修改,Git会提醒你Changes not staged for commit与modified: README.md,需要再次运行git add将其暂存(staged):
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % echo "new version" > README.md (base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git statusOn branch mainYour branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 2 commits. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: README.mdno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")而文件的所谓的未跟踪(untracked)、未修改(unmodified)、已修改(modified)、已暂存(staged)四种状态的关系如下所示:

现在假设我们搞忘了编写.gitignore,然后已经用了git add -A或git add .命令目录下所有文件及子目录都暂存了(在Git 2.0中git add -A或git add .命令等效)。而其中有很大的日志文件或一些诸如*.a的编译文件,我们如何将这些文件从暂存区域移除以取消跟踪呢?可以用git rm --cached命令完成此项工作,如:
git rm --cached README.md注意要带上选项--cached,而不仅仅是git rm,git rm除了从暂存区域移除外,还会将磁盘上的文件也一起删了。关于参数选项可以参见我的博客《Linux:可执行程序的Shell传参格式规范 》。
使用该命令效果如下:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git rm --cached README.md rm 'README.md'(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git status On branch mainYour branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 2 commits. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)Changes to be committed: (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage) deleted: README.md注意到Changes to be committed:与deleted: README.md,这说明当我们使用git rm --cached并commit后, 相关的文件还会被从committed tree中移除。如果我们只想移除出暂存区,可以使用下列命令:
git reset HEAD README.md该命令等同 git reset --mixed HEAD README.md(默认参数为--mixed,还有个参数为--hard,我们放在3.3节讲)。使用后效果如下:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git reset HEAD *.md Unstaged changes after reset:M README.md(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git status On branch mainYour branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 2 commits. (use "git push" to publish your local commits)Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: README.mdno changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")注意到Changes not staged for commit:与 modified: README.md。说明该命令只是将README.md移除暂存区,但是上次对README.md的commit还在(即撤销最近的一次commit之后的变化)。
如果要递归地将当前目录下的所有文件及子目录移除出暂存区(与commit tree),可以这样写:
git rm -r --cached . 注意这个命令非常危险和暴力,一般还是建议指定具体的目录或文件名。
git commit操作用git log命令可以看到项目的git commit历史:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git logcommit 37a35d36eaf8b56c9e7b719c3c7576f3251cee36 (HEAD -> main)Author: orion-orion <orion-orion@foxmail.com>Date: Mon May 23 14:15:21 2022 +0800 modify .gitignorecommit ab7bf6e2c400c8d775cc3bc56928c7748c63c8f8Author: orion-orion <orion-orion@foxmail.com>Date: Mon May 23 10:08:08 2022 +0800 add .gitignorecommit 146c68e12fd2aebed8b38dd5cf95621f800fe4aa (origin/main, origin/HEAD)Author: 猎户座 <46917784+orion-orion@users.noreply.github.com>Date: Sun May 22 09:48:22 2022 +0800 Initial commit默认不用任何参数的话,git log会按提交时间列出所有的更新,最近的更新排在最上面。 正如你所看到的,这个命令会列出每个提交的 SHA-1 校验和、作者的名字和电子邮件地址(如果电子邮件名为<46917784+orion-orion@users.noreply.github.com>,说明你在GitHub中将邮件名设置为私有的了,需要去修改一下)、提交时间以及提交说明。
现在我们又对.gitignore进行了修改。但是我们不想又commit一次,而想将其合并在最后一次的modify .gitignore里,使commit记录更为精简。我们可以用以下命令:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git add .gitignore(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git commit --amend并在commit信息的编辑界面写入modify .gitignore:
modify .gitignore# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting# with '#' will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.## Date: Mon May 23 14:15:21 2022 +0800## On branch main# Your branch is ahead of 'origin/main' by 2 commits.# (use "git push" to publish your local commits)## Changes to be committed:# modified: .gitignore# new file: data/.gitkeep# new file: model/.gitkeep## Changes not staged for commit:# modified: README.md# :wq!可以看到总的commit记录没变,所显示的最后一次commit记录的时间也没变,但新的修改已经追加进去了(SHA-1 校验和发生了变化):
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git log commit a0dfeff409494165bdff60c27b24fad2bc0ed0ad (HEAD -> main)Author: orion-orion <orion-orion@foxmail.com>Date: Mon May 23 14:15:21 2022 +0800 modify .gitignorecommit ab7bf6e2c400c8d775cc3bc56928c7748c63c8f8Author: orion-orion <orion-orion@foxmail.com>Date: Mon May 23 10:08:08 2022 +0800 add .gitignorecommit 146c68e12fd2aebed8b38dd5cf95621f800fe4aa (origin/main, origin/HEAD)Author: 猎户座 <46917784+orion-orion@users.noreply.github.com>Date: Sun May 22 09:48:22 2022 +0800 Initial commitgit commit操作现在我们想撤销git commit的操作。我们回到git reset命令。不过现在我们需要使用git reset --hard方法:
(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git reset --hard HEAD^1HEAD is now at ab7bf6e add .gitignore(base) orion-orion@MacBook-Pro Learn-Git % git log commit ab7bf6e2c400c8d775cc3bc56928c7748c63c8f8 (HEAD -> main)Author: orion-orion <orion-orion@foxmail.com>Date: Mon May 23 10:08:08 2022 +0800 add .gitignorecommit 146c68e12fd2aebed8b38dd5cf95621f800fe4aa (origin/main, origin/HEAD)Author: 猎户座 <46917784+orion-orion@users.noreply.github.com>Date: Sun May 22 09:48:22 2022 +0800 Initial commit命令中的HEAD^1意思为将commit记录回退到上上次提交后的状态,HEAD^2以此类推。
不过大家必须注意,--hard 标记是reset命令唯一的危险用法,它也是 Git 会真正地销毁数据的仅有的几个操作之一。 其他任何形式的reset调用都可以轻松撤消,但是--hard选项不能,因为它强制覆盖了工作目录中的文件。