MySQL 版本:5.7
测试数据库:test;测试表:tt
CREATE TABLE `tt` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL, KEY `name_idx` (`name`), KEY `id_idx` (`id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
插入测试数据:
insert into tt value(1, "a”);insert into tt value(1, "b”);insert into tt value(2, “b");
mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;+-------------------------+| @@transaction_isolation |+-------------------------+| READ-UNCOMMITTED |+-------------------------+
set global transaction_isolation = 'read-uncommitted';
设置隔离级别后,后续开启的连接 Session 才会生效。
开启两个连接 Session:
| Session 1 | Session 2 |
开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ss" ,保持事务未提交: Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from tt;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 1 | a || 1 | b || 2 | b |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> update tt set name = 'ss' where id = 2;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 | |
开启事务,查询 id 为 2 的记录 name 值: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | ss |+------+———+ 事务 2 可以查询到事务 1 未提交的数据变更。对于事务 2 来说,这条数据是脏数据。 |
解决 READ-UNCOMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的脏读现象。
设置事务隔离级别:
mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'read-committed';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
重新开启测试 Session,查询事务隔离级别:
mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;+-------------------------+| @@transaction_isolation |+-------------------------+| READ-COMMITTED |+-------------------------+
| Session 1 | Session 2 |
开启事务,更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssr”: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> update tt set name = 'ssr' where id = 2;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | ssr |+------+------+1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
查询数据,无法查询到 事务 1 未提交的数据: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | b |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
提交事务: mysql> commit ;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) | |
查询数据,得到的是事务 1 中已提交的数据变更: mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | ssr |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) 对于事务 2 来说,在事务 1 提交前后,获取到的数据是不一样的,即不可重复读问题。 |
解决 READ-COMMITTED 隔离级别下产生的不可重复读现象。
Session 1中 设置事务隔离级别:
mysql> set global transaction_isolation = 'repeatable-read';Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
重新开启事务,查询隔离级别:
mysql> select @@transaction_isolation;+-------------------------+| @@transaction_isolation |+-------------------------+| REPEATABLE-READ |+-------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)
| Session 1 | Session 2 |
| Session 2 开启事务,查询数据: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)Database changedmysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | b |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
更新 id 为 2 的记录 name 为 “ssrr”, 并提交事务: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> update tt set name = 'ssrr' where id = 2;Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql> commit;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | ssrr |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
|
| Session 2 重新查询数据: mysql> select * from tt where id = 2;+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 2 | b |+------+------+ 当前数据未变。 但是问题是,事务 1 已经进行了数据变更,并且提交,事务 2 无法获取所查记录最新变更信息。 |
为什么事务 2 前后两次相同查询所得的数据是一样的?
一致性读(consistent read)查询模式:基于【某一时刻】的【数据快照】提供读查询结果。无论查询的数据是否被其它事务所改变。这个【某一时刻】在 repeatable-read 隔离级别下为事务中第一次执行查询操作的时间点,read-committed 隔离级别下,数据快照会在每一次执行一致性读操作时进行重置。
幻读
如何避免:加X锁
Next-key lock:Record lock + Gap lock
调整表 tt 索引及数据:
mysql> show create table tt;+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+| Table | Create Table |+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+| tt | CREATE TABLE `tt` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL, `name` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL, `age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_age` (`age`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 |+-------+-------------------------------------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from tt;+-----+------+------+| id | name | age |+-----+------+------+| 90 | aa | 10 || 102 | bb | 15 || 108 | cc | 20 || 130 | dd | 25 || 150 | ee | 30 |+-----+------+------+
对于使用唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock
| Session 1 | Session 2 |
开启事务,查询 id 为 108 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where id = 108 for update;+-----+------+------+| id | name | age |+-----+------+------+| 108 | cc | 20 |+-----+------+------+1 row in set (0.01 sec) | |
开启事务,记录前后紧邻 gap 插入记录: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 16);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)记录均可成功插入 |
对于使用非唯一性索引:加的锁为 Record lock + Gap lock 前后紧邻 gap
:首先加锁 (15, 20],因为是非唯一索引,继续向后查找到第一个不满足条件的元素 25 加 gap lock (20, 25)
| Session 1 | Session 2 |
开启事务,查询 age 为 20 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where age = 20 for update;+-----+------+------+| id | name | age |+-----+------+------+| 108 | cc | 20 |+-----+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec) | |
开启事务,记录紧邻前后 gap 插入记录: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> insert into tt value(106, 'bc', 18); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction mysql> insert into tt value(110, 'cd', 22); ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 紧邻 gap 以外插入记录: mysql> insert into tt value(100, 'ab', 12);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 27);Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) 记录均可成功插入 |
对于不使用索引的:加锁为全部记录及gap
Session1 | Session2 |
开启事务,查询 name 为 ‘cc’ 记录加 X lock: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from tt where name = 'cc' for update;+-----+------+------+| id | name | age |+-----+------+------+| 108 | cc | 20 |+-----+------+------+ | |
开启事务,各个间隙尝试插入记录: mysql> begin;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into tt value(80, 'pa', 5);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> insert into tt value(95, 'ab', 13);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> insert into tt value(105, 'bc', 18);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> insert into tt value(120, 'cd', 23);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> insert into tt value(140, 'de', 28);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> insert into tt value(160, 'en', 35);ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 更新记录: mysql> update tt set age = 21 where name = 'cc';ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transactionmysql> update tt set age = 16 where name = 'bb';ERROR 1205 (HY000): Lock wait timeout exceeded; try restarting transaction 操作均被 block。 |